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Walla Walla Tribe ((LINK))
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Many Walla Wallas live on the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation. Walla Wallas share land and a governmental structure with the Cayuse and the Umatilla tribes as part of the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla. The reservation is located in the area of Pendleton, Oregon, United States, near the Blue Mountains. Some Walla Wallas are also enrolled in the federally recognized Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Nation.
The people are a Sahaptin-speaking tribe that traditionally inhabited the interior Columbia River region of present-day northwestern United States. For centuries before the coming of European settlers, the Walla Wallas, consisting of three principal bands, occupied the territory along the Walla Walla River and along the confluence of the Snake and Columbia River rivers in a territory that is now part of northern Oregon and southeastern Washington state. From this zone, the Walla Walla followed a similar pattern of seasonal subsistence practices to that of the Yakama, Palouse, Umatilla, and Wanapum tribes.[4]
The Walla Wallas eventually adopted maintaining cattle herds, going as far as New Helvetia in California during 1844 to secure additional livestock. An estimated 40 Walla Wallas, Nez Perce and Cayuse under Walla Walla chief Piupiumaksmaks went on the expedition south. En route the party gathered stray horses, not aware the strays were stolen. Negotiations at New Helvetia were held between one of Piupiumaksmaks' sons, Toayahnu, and an employee of Sutter. The two men entered a dispute, and Toayahnu was killed.[8] Despite fears of retribution among Sutter's staff by the Walla Wallas, Piupiumaksmaks returned with a small band of warriors and families in 1846 and declared peaceable intentions.[9] The returning party had members infected with measles, which began to spread across the Columbia Plateau, decimating indigenous populations.[10] Smallpox and other diseases were also introduced into the area, increasing the Walla Wallas' population decline. Despite this, the Walla Wallas then held extensive herds of horses, being the \"principal wealth\" of the tribe.[11]
By 1855, thousands of settlers had arrived in the region along the Oregon Trail and there was an insatiable demand for land and resources by the emigrants. In response, the new Washington Territory governor Isaac Stevens began to heavily pressure the Walla Walla and other area tribes to sign treaties agreeing to give up land and move to reservations.
In May and June 1855, Stevens, along with Joel Palmer, Superintendent of the Oregon Territory, enacted three treaties at the Walla Walla Council. The Walla Walla, the Umatilla, and the Cayuse tribes were coerced to move from 4,000,000 acres of tribal lands to a reservation in northeastern Oregon, which was eventually reduced down to 72,000 acres over time. Other treaties were also established at the council with the Yakama, Palouse, and other tribes.
That same year, gold was discovered on the recently established Yakama reservation, and conflict erupted between encroaching white miners and tribes of the Plateau. Many tribes eventually united together under the leadership of Yakama chief Kamiakin, marking the start of the Yakima War. Though the Walla Walla were initially not involved in the conflict, they, along with the Umitilla and Cayuse were eventually pulled into it.
Today, many Walla Walla live on the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation. The Walla Walla share the land and a governmental structure with the Cayuse and the Umatilla tribes as part of the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla. The three bands were united as a single tribal government in 1949 when the tribal leaders adopted a Constitution and By-laws. The confederate tribes currently have an enrollment of over 2,800 tribal members. The reservation is located in the area Pendleton, Oregon, near the Blue Mountains.
The Cayuse, Walla Walla and Umatilla tribes were well established at the eastern end of the Columbia River basin. With abilities to travel the surrounding area for trading, some of the tribes acquired horses, which they later used for breeding or for sale or trade. Later, trading became one of the primary economic activities as fur and goods trading companies moved into the area with the pioneers. As pioneers started settling in the area, agricultural and ranching activities prospered as demand for produce and meats grew with a new influx of gold rush pioneers.
The treaty council held at Waiilatpu (Place of the Rye Grass) in the Walla Walla Valley in May and June of 1855 forever changed the lives of Native Americans living in north-central and eastern Oregon. The fate of the Cayuse, Umatilla, and Walla Walla Indians who lived in that part of Oregon became closely tied to that of the Nez Perce, Palouse, and Yakama, who also participated in the treaty council. None of the tribes requested the council or wanted to surrender their lands, but representatives of the United States government championed the grand council and representatives of the tribes attended to protect their people and tribal interests.
By 1855, the government of the United States had a great deal of experience dealing with American Indians. Over the years, the government had developed an Indian policy based on the nation's experiences with wars, treaties, boundaries, and trade. The United States continually negotiated with tribes in the best interest of the government, claiming millions of acres of Native land. When the terms of one agreement no longer suited the government, agents renegotiated the treaties to open more lands.
By the time of the Walla Walla Council, government agents had divided the tribes in the East, destroyed Native economies, forcefully removed thousands of Indian people to the trans-Mississippi West, created an Indian Territory, and opened millions of acres of Native traditional lands to non-Natives.
Oregon Superintendent of Indian Affairs Joel Palmer and Washington Territorial Governor Isaac Stevens met with tribes during the Walla Walla Council to negotiate treaties and open Indian lands to white settlement. When Palmer and Stevens met with the Walla Walla, Cayuse, and Umatilla, tribal leaders first proposed that there would be no separate reservation for their people. They based their arguments on Indian law, or Tamanwit, which establishes the sacred relationship between humans and elements of the environment. Tamanwit also creates the proper relationships among humans and formed the foundation of Indian arguments made at the council.
In 1855, the sovereign nations of the Walla Walla, Umatilla, and Cayuse secured a reservation of 510,000 acres in northeastern Oregon. Through the Walla Walla, Cayuse, and Umatilla Treaty of June 9, 1855, the tribes lost 6.4 million acres of land and billions of dollars in resources. When government surveyors marked the land, they included only 245,000 acres within the reservation boundaries, a source of future land issues. The tribes reserved their right to hunt, fish, and gather at all usual and accustomed areas on and off the reservation, just as Stevens had promised in his oral presentation and recorded in the treaty proceedings.
The Walla Walla Council was a watershed in Oregon's history, and it triggered a major war between many Oregon and Washington tribes and the government. Over time, the Umatilla reservation became the homeland of several families from diverse tribes. The Walla Walla Council and the treaty that created the reservation have significant implications today for the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation, guaranteeing the tribe's legal status and its government-to-government relationship with the United States.
Articles of agreement and convention made and concluded at the treatyground, Camp Stevens, in the Walla-Walla Valley, this ninth day of June, in the year one thousand eight hundred and fifty-five, by and between Isaac I. Stevens, governor and superintendent of Indian affairs for the Territory of Washington, and Joel Palmer, superintendent of Indian affairs for Oregon Territory, on the part of the United States, and the undersigned chiefs, head-men, and delegates of the Walla-Wallas, Cayuses, and Umatilla tribes, and bands of Indians, occupying lands partly in Washington and partly in Oregon Territories, and who, for the purposes of this treaty, are to be regarded as one nation acting for and in behalf of their respective bands and tribes, they being duly authorized thereto; it being understood that Superintendent I. I. Stevens assumes to treat with that portion of the above-named bands and tribes residing within the Territory of Washington, and Superintendent Palmer with those residing within Oregon.
The above-named confederated bands of Indians cede to the United States all their right, title, and claim to all and every part of the country claimed by them included in the following boundaries, to wit: Commencing at the mouth of the Tocannon River, in Washington Territory, running thence up said river to its source; thence easterly along the summit of the Blue Mountains, and on the southern boundaries of the purchase made of the Nez Perces Indians, andeasterly along that boundary to the western limits of the country claimed by the Shoshonees or Snake Indians; thence southerly along that boundary (being the waters of Powder River) to the source of Powder River, thence to the head-waters of Willow Creek, thence down Willow Creek to the Columbia River, thence up the channel of the Columbia River to the lower end of a large island below the mouth of Umatilla River, thence northerly to a point on the Yakama River, called Tomah-luke, thence to Le Lac, thence to the White Banks on the Columbia below Priest's Rapids, thence down the Columbia River to the junction of the Columbia and Snake Rivers, thence up the Snake River to the place of beginning: Provided, however, That so much of the country described above as is contained in the following boundaries shall be set apart as a residence for said Indians, which tract for the purposescontemplated shall be held and regarded as an Indian reservation; to wit: Commencing in the middle of the channel of Umatilla River opposite the mouth of Wild Horse Creek, thence up the middle of the channel of said creek to its source, thence southerly to a point in the Blue Mountains, known as Lee's Encampment, thence in a line to the head-waters of Howtome Creek, thence west to the divide between Howtome and Birch Creeks, thence northerly along said divide to a point due west of the southwest corner of William C. McKay's land-claim, thence east along his line to his southeast corner, thence in a line to the place of beginning; all of which tract shall be set apart and, so far as necessary, surveyed and marked out for their exclusive use; nor shall any white person be permitted to reside upon the same without permission of the agent and superintendent. The said tribes and bands agree to remove to and settle upon the same within one year after the ratification of this treaty, without any additional expense to the Government other than is provided by this treaty, and until the expiration of the time specified, the said bands shall be permitted to occupy and reside upon the tracts now possessed by them, guaranteeing to all citizen(s) of the United States, the right to enter upon and occupy as settlers any lands not actually enclosed by said Indians: Provided, also, That the exclusive right of taking fish in the streams running through and bordering said reservation is hereby secured to said Indians, and at all other usual and accustomed stations in common with citizens of the United States, and of erecting suitable buildings for curing the same; the privilege of hunting, gathering roots and berries and pasturing their stock on unclaimed lands in common with citizens, is also secured to them. And provided, also, That if any band or bands of Indians, residing in and claiming any portion or portions of the country described in this article, shall not accede to the terms of this treaty, then the bands becoming parties hereunto agree to reserve such part of the several and other payments herein named, as a consideration for the entire country described as aforesaid, as shall be in the proportion that their aggregate number may have to the whole number of Indians residing in and claiming the entire country aforesaid, as consideration and payment in full for the tracts in said country claimed by them. And provided, also, That when substantial improvements have been made by any member of the bands being parties to this treaty, who are compelled to abandon them in consequence of said treaty, (they) shall be valued under the direction of the President of the United States, and payment made therefor. 153554b96e
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