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Plant Breeding By Bd Singh Pdf TOP
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History of plant breeding, Nature of plant breeding, What should a plant breeder know , Objectives of plant breeding, Activities in plant breeding, Some important achievements, Future prospects, Summary.
Due to the advent of state-of-the-art technologies in the field of biotechnology, much progress has been achieved since the last decade. OMICS technologies are being extensively used to address various issues pertaining to agriculture. Recent advances in genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics techniques have revolutionized the understanding of genetic response of plants to various biotic and abiotic stresses. Strategic application of this revolutionary technology will eventually lead towards attaining sustainability in agriculture. This new book, Plant OMICS and Crop Breeding, addresses this important issue.
In B. napus resistance against Blackleg, three of the known R genes have been cloned and were found to encode Leucine-Rich Repeats-Receptor Like Proteins (LRR-RLPs; Rlm2 and LepR3) and a wall-associated kinase-like (WAKL) protein (Rlm9) [116,117]. The cloning of these genes provided the starting material for using RNA-seq to interrogate the detailed machinery involved in the resistance. The global transcriptome analysis of Zhou, et al. [118] found that both LepR3 and Rlm2 evoked a basal defence response in both compatible and incompatible interactions upon inoculation with L. maculans isolates. This suggests that LepR3 and Rlm2 may also monitor other molecular patterns produced by L. maculans to mount a resistance response in the host plant.
Some signalling molecules produced by phytopathogenic fungal species that play a part in virulence resemble homologous signalling molecules in the host, acting as mimics to evade the plant immune system for successful disease development [197]. For instance, oxylipins, which are important signalling molecules commonly found in animals, plants and fungi, play a role in growth, development and the defence response, with one of the examples being jasmonate [198]. In Brassica, oxylipins were found to display fungicidal activity against A. brassicae, L. maculans, S. sclerotiorum and Verticillium longisporum [199]. In phytopathogenic fungi, oxylipins have been found to be involved in disease progression through the modification of the plant host defence mechanisms [200,201], an example being F. oxysporum hijacking the oxylipin JA signalling pathway in A. thaliana [202].
Twenty accessions within 11 perennial Glycine species plus soybean were tested for tolerance to 2,4-D. Soybean was severely injured by 2,4-D, but 13 of the Glycine accessions had 15% or less injury 4 weeks after 2,4-D application. Greatest 2,4-D tolerance occurred with accessions of G. latifolia and G. microphylla. There was no difference among tolerant accessions of G. latifolia and G. microphylla and susceptible accessions of G. canescens in recovery or absorption of 14C-2,4-D 1, 3, 7, or 14 days after treatment (DAT). Distribution of 14C from 14C-2,4-D in various plant parts was similar among accessions. Metabolism of 2,4-D in the tolerant accessions (81 to 89% 1 DAT) was higher and more rapid than in susceptible accessions (approximately 50%, 1 DAT). The same five metabolites plus parent 2,4-D were extracted from the treated leaf of all accessions at all sampling dates. However, relative distribution between metabolites differed between tolerant and susceptible accessions. More rapid metabolism of 2,4-D in treated leaves of tolerant Glycine accessions can explain differential 2,4-D responses. 153554b96e