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MARC is a widely used but not always well understood standard developed by libraries for the exchange of library information, especially cataloging data. The term MARC is an abbreviation for MAchine Readable Cataloging. Officially, it is an international standard that is sometimes identified by its ISO (International Standards Organization) number: 2709. ISO 2709 is a somewhat complex standard for bibliographic description that this manual does not attempt to describe. However, even though the ISO 2709 standard should be used when exchanging files of MARC data, it is not necessary to have a deep understanding of it to successfully create good MARC records.
MARC 21 is the oldest and most widely used implementation of ISO 2709. MARC 21 was originally called simply MARC. Its development in 1968 led to the development of ISO 2709, which is how the two came to be synonymous. Until 1998, MARC 21 was known as USMARC or CANMARC--names used to distinguish between slight regional variants. Following work that eliminated the differences between USMARC and CANMARC, the harmonized MARC format was renamed MARC 21. MARC 21 is used by implementers in a growing number of countries.
A MARC record is a collection of textual data formatted in a way that follows the requirements of the ISO 2709 standard developed by libraries for sharing bibliographic data. Usually a separate MARC record is created for each bibliographic entity. Multiple MARC records are stored and transmitted in files. There is no limit to the number of MARC records that can be in a file. Most MARC records contain between 800 and 1,500 characters.
The MARC 21 bibliographic format is very rich, with more than 2,000 data elements defined. However, like a dictionary for a spoken language, it is not necessary to use every element. In fact, most MARC records contain only a small number of elements from the format; the average MARC record contains 30 data elements.
Every MARC record must have a unique control number. This number is recorded in field 001. We recommend that the unique number in this field not exceed a maximum of 12 characters. Any style of number may be used. Most MARC users generate numeric control numbers, often with an alphabetic prefix that is unique to the creator of the record.
Field 003 contains a MARC organization code that identifies the source of the MARC record. The Library of Congress assigns the MARC organization code (up to eight (8) alphabetic characters) for all U.S. organizations and for many in other countries. Some countries (for example, Canada, Germany, South Africa and the United Kingdom) have MARC organization code assignment agencies of their own. Since different creators of MARC records might use the same numbers in field 001, field 003 is used in conjunction with field 001 to determine uniqueness. If you do not already have an official MARC organization code, you may request one online at//www.loc.gov/marc/organizations/. MARC codes are assigned free of change.
Like field 000, field 008 is positionally defined, which means that the codes must be placed at particular positions in the field. Field 008 is always 40 characters in length. These positions are numbered 00 to 39. The creator of a MARC record must put some kind of code in every position.
There should always be a 4-digit year in positions 008/07-10. It is generally the first or earliest date associated with the item. If no date appears on an item, records a probable year of publication in 008/07-10. For multipart items and serials, 008/07-10 contains the year that the first volume was published. The Library of Congress uses one record for all volumes. However, if you are cataloging something other than the first volume, the date can be that of the volume in hand.
Field 028 contains publishers' numbers found on videorecordings, sound recordings, printed music, and other music-related material. These numbers are usually found on the edge of the container for the item nd may also be represented in part in a barcode (although barcodes are usually recorded in field 024). Publisher's numbers vary in length and style since they are not standardized identifiers. Many are alphanumeric. Usage of this number in a MARC record is optional, but it is an important access point.
The number is input in subfield $a. Transcribe the number as it appears on the item; this means including any internal spaces or punctuation that appear with the number. There are no input standards controlling the number recorded in field028.
Field 362 is optional but should be included if the item is a serial (periodical). All periodicals must have some sort of sequential designation. This is usually a number and associated month/year, but for annual publications, this can be a year alone. When issues of a periodical have both numbers and associated chronological designations (month, year, etc.), the chronological designation is recorded in parentheses after the number.
Field 440 contains the title, ISSN, and volume number(s) associated withmonographic series and other collective titles associated with an item. Field 440 is repeatable if an item is in more than one series, however, in most cases where more than one series title appears, one is a main series and the other is a subseries. Cataloging agencies must be careful to identify cases where more than one series title is truly involved.
Volumes in a monographic series are sometimes numbered. If some sort ofsequential designation (numbering) appears on the item, it is recorded in subfield $v and is separated from the preceding subfield by a space semicolon. Words associated with a number are included but in abbreviated form.
Some monographic series include numbered (and unnumbered) subseries. These can be complex to catalog, and the MARC encoding can be equally complex. If the item you are cataloging includes a true subseries, it should be transcribed in the same occurrence of field 440 as the main series. The subseries title is recorded in subfield $p. If the subseries title has a sequential designation, the designation (numeric or alphabetic) is recorded in subfield $n, not $v. See the examples below.
The name of the meeting is recorded in subfield $a. Follow the capitalization and punctuation for the language of the name in transcription. The number of the meeting is not recorded in subfield $a.
The name of the meeting is recorded in subfield $a. Follow the capitalization and punctuation for the language of the name in transcription.The number of the meeting is not be recorded in subfield $a.
Field 923 is a locally-defined MARC field used by the Library ofCongress and vendors of library materials (mostly booksellers) who provide MARC records to LC for items they supply. The field contains a formatted date and the number of the invoice on which the bibliographic item was supplied.
Subfield $n contains the number assigned by the source of the material (often a bookseller) to the invoice on which the item was supplied. There are nospecial formatting requirements for the invoice number since the style and length of invoice numbers varies from source to source. This subfield is not intended for order numbers that can be assigned by LC or the supplier. No subfield is currently defined in MARC 21 for order numbers.
Particularly in MARC elements like field 008 (Fixed-Length Data Elements) and in indicator positions, the use of the backslash can prevent input errors since real spaces are difficult to count. You are advised to use the backslash instead of a blank whenever legibility is required (for example, when you need to be able to count the number of blanks easily). It is recommended that you used the backslash instead of space whenever more than one space occurs together.
MARCMaker and MARCBreaker were designed to process any data including the basic Latin alphabet, the digits 0 to 9, punctuation marks, and a small number of additional characters since these characters are the only ones used in the MARC content designation (that is the tags, indicators, and subfield codes that separate MARC data into its distinctive parts).
The ship had a number of owners over its service.[53] At some point, the human gambler named Lando Calrissian won the YT 492727ZED in a game of sabacc, and registered the freighter under the name Millennium Falcon.[2] Calrissian modified the freighter, inside and out,[12] converting it into his own speedy sports vessel as Calrissian saw how powerful its freight-pushing engines were. As such, Calrissian modified the two cargo mandibles at the front into an auxiliary ship launch, thus turning the plain freighter into a unique starship.[9] He also once explained the controls to Brea Tonnika of the Tonnika sisters.[54]
At some point, the Falcon had a new circular Rectenna dish, installed after it lost its rectangular one at the Battle of Crait, and a new lower quad laser cannon. Following Palpatine's broadcast, Finn, Poe Dameron, Chewbacca, R2-D2, and Klaud arrived at the Sinta Glacier Colony to meet a Resistance informant, the Ovissian Boolio, ordering them to relay a message to Leia from a spy within the First Order. Several squadrons of Special Forces TIE fighters and TIE whisper fighters later arrived at the colony, preparing to destroy the Falcon. As Finn prepared for the action and entered the gunner cockpit, Boolio jested that a worthy thanks for the information provided would be to win the war. Forced to travel into the depths of the colony by a wall of TIEs, the Falcon destroyed a number of its pursuers before jumping to hyperspace through one of the colony's walls. The remaining fighters pursued the Falcon regardless, with Dameron beginning to lightspeed skip through a number of systems, whose dangers the First Order pilots were unable to evade.[42] 2b1af7f3a8